This is the smallest country in the world that can be compared to a golf course, located in the territory of Rome. Its population is 770 inhabitants. The country is located inside Rome, the capital of Italy. Here is the residence of the head of the Catholic Church, the Pope. For this reason, a small city-state is considered a spiritual center for the entire Catholic world.

Residents consider those who work here. The smallest ancient army of the world, the Swiss Guard, protects the country. It was formed by Swiss traders as far back as 1506. At the moment there are only 100 people in the army. A characteristic feature of each of them is a single Catholic, a Swiss citizen.

In the Vatican they speak Italian and Latin. The country’s economy is exceptional: it is unified unprofitable in the world. The Vatican’s treasury is supplemented from the pockets of Catholics around the world, that is, it is formed from donations, income from the sale of books, postage stamps and tourism. And one more important note: the Vatican does not collect taxes as a spiritual center.

All legislative acts of the smallest state come into power only after they are published in Latin and Italian. That is, in the Vatican two official languages function at once. In spite of the presence of many nationalities among the servants of the church, work is allowed in every suitable language of the world.

It is assumed that the name of the Vatican came from the name of the god of death Vattaca. Since it was on the terrain of the city-state that the Roman ruler Nero destroyed the apostle Peter. The country in the world did not always have such a modest size. Including from 752 until 1870, the Catholic Church belonged to the territory of 41,407 kilometers.

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The population is 276 million people. (2000).

The capital is Washington.

Geographical location, general overview

The USA is the most economically developed state in the West. By area, the United States is superior to all of Europe, but is inferior to Russia. The country consists of 50 states and the federal district of Columbia. 48 states are located in the southern half of the North American continent (between 25 and 45 ° N) and are washed by the waters of the Atlantic and the Pacific. The state of Alaska occupies the northwestern part of the continent, in the east it borders on Canada. The Hawaiian Islands are a separate state on one of the archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean.

The US withdrawal to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans contributes, on the one hand, to transport and economic relations with many countries, on the other, isolates the country from hotbeds of wars and tensions in Europe and Asia.

The development of the territory of the United States occurred since the XVI century, when the first English, Dutch, Swedish colonies (on the Atlantic coast) and Spanish on the Pacific coast were founded here. Initially, the United States included 13 British colonies. In 1776 independence was proclaimed and their separation from England. The modern outlines of the United States were adopted in 1959, when they were officially included in the states of Alaska and Hawaii, formerly colonies.

Currently, the US is a federal republic.

The head of state is the president. Legislative power belongs to Congress. The country has a constitution adopted in 1787.

Natural conditions and resources

A significant part of the territory of the country in terms of natural conditions is favorable for life and economic activity. In general, the United States is characterized by a variety of natural conditions and a wealth of natural resources. The territory of the country is divided into a mountainous and mostly arid western part and a flat, fairly moist eastern one.

In the east along the Atlantic stretches the mid-high Appalachian Mountains, in the center are extensive Central and Great Plains. The south-east and south of the US occupy coastal lowlands.

Almost the entire western half of the country is occupied by the Cordilleras, consisting of a number of powerful meridional chains, between which is the belt of internal plateaus.

The USA is distinguished by rich and diverse minerals. Fuel and energy resources are especially large. There are also large reserves of ores of ferrous and nonferrous metals, mining chemical raw materials.

The coal-bearing provinces (Eastern, Inner, South, in the north of the Great Plains, in the Rocky Mountains, Pacific Ocean) occupy 1/10 of the country’s territory. Reliable coal reserves are 1.6 trillion. t.

The United States is rich in oil and natural gas (authentically explored reserves – 4.6 billion tons and 5.6 trillion m3, respectively). In terms of their production, the United States ranks second in the world. The largest oil and gas reserves are in Alaska, in the south of the country and on the Pacific coast.

The main resources of iron ore are located in the Lake District. Upper; significant resources of molybdenum, tungsten, precious metals in the deposits of the Mountain States. In terms of lead stocks, the United States is a group of world leaders. Lead-zinc ores are concentrated in the states of Idaho, Utah, Montana, Missouri.

Despite the availability of a rich mineral resource base, the US is nevertheless forced to import nickel, manganese, cobalt, bauxite, tin, and potassium salts.

The climate of the United States is diverse. Most of the territory lies in the temperate and subtropical climate, only the south of Florida in the tropical. Alaska is located in the subarctic and temperate zones, and Hawaii – in the marine tropical area. The continentality of the climate increases in the central and western regions. Soil-vegetation zones are replaced mainly in the meridional direction. In general, climatic conditions make it possible to grow in the United States a very diverse composition of both temperate and subtropical belt crops and promote the spread of pasture cattle.

Abundant and diverse water resources are distributed territorially very unevenly. 60% of the flow is in the east of the country. Here is the largest lake system in the world – the Great Lakes. The main river system of the country is the Mississippi and its tributaries. Its left tributaries have significant hydro resources, and the right ones are used for irrigation.

The USA is the third most populous country in the world.

Immigration played a huge role in shaping the population of the United States. Until the end of the last century, these were mostly immigrants from Western Europe, later – from the agrarian countries of Eastern Europe. In recent years, immigrants are predominantly immigrants from the countries of America and Asia.

The average annual fertility rate is 16 ppm, the death rate is 9 ppm. Life expectancy is 73 years for men and 80 years for women.

In the modern population of the United States (generally more than 100 ethnic groups), three main ethnic groups stand out: American Americans, transitional immigrant groups and aboriginal groups. In general, Americans in the United States of European origin make up 80% of the population, Negroes – 12%.

Different ethnic groups do not have definite territories for living, but parts of the country are distinguished by an increased share of representatives of certain groups: for example, New Canaan francs, Mexicans in the Southwestern states, etc.

In terms of average population density, the USA lags behind many economically developed countries (28 people per 1 sq km). But the distribution of the population across the territory is very uneven: almost 70% of residents live in a territory that occupies 12% of the area. Especially great are the differences between the coastal (mountainous) and mountain states: from 350 to 2-3 people. for 1 km2. The most populous states – California (31.2 million people, 1993), New York (18.2 million), Texas (18.0 million), Florida (13.7 million). The leader of the three main economic regions of the United States is Industrial North (almost half the population).

The USA is one of the most urbanized countries in the world (75% are urban dwellers). In the US, 8 cities are millionaires; half of the country’s population lives in agglomerations (there are 300 of them). As in all economically developed countries, the process of suburbanization is widespread in the United States.

In the 1950s, some agglomerations began to merge into megacities. Now in the country there are three such metropolises – Boswash, Chipits, San-San.

The rural population of the USA lives mainly on separate farms, but the conditions of life there almost do not differ from urban ones.

Internal Differences

The United States has a huge internally heterogeneous territory, so many attempts have been made in the country itself and behind its side to conduct an economic and geographic division of the United States. Approximately from the 80’s. XX century in the US statistics, scientific and educational literature most commonly accepted four-part zoning. Four macro regions are distinguished, differing in historical and cultural features and the nature of modern socio-economic development.

Northeast. This is the smallest of the macro regions, but its profitable EGP, coal wealth, and colonization features have turned it into a “workshop of the nation”, although its significance in the 20th century. somewhat decreases.

Midwest. This is a region of large industry and agriculture, rich in coal, iron ore and having exceptionally favorable agroclimatic conditions. Gives about 1/2 of agricultural products.

South. For a long time, it developed slowly, which was facilitated by the slaveholding plantation farming and the agrarian and raw material profile of the economy. But now the region has won first place in the country for the extraction of coal, oil, natural gas, phosphorites, for the production of fabrics. The level of development of individual states of the South is not the same.

The West is the youngest and most dynamic neighborhood in the United States, the largest. Contrasts within it are particularly pronounced. The West includes Alaska – the main resource area for new development, Hawaii – the islands of pineapples and tourism, the Far West – the prairies of the Great Plains – the ranch and cowboy land, the Mountainous West – the edge of the Rocky Mountains and deserts, the Pacific West, which includes a “golden state” California.

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The current state of the geographical envelope should be viewed as the result of its long evolution – beginning with the emergence of the Earth and its formation on the planetary path of development.

A correct understanding of the processes and phenomena of different spatial-temporal scales taking place in the geographical envelope requires at least a multilevel consideration of them, beginning with the global-planetary one. At the same time, the study of processes of a planetary nature until recently was considered the prerogative of geological sciences. In the general geographic synthesis, information of this level was practically not used, and if it was involved, it is rather passive and limited. However, the branch subdivision of the natural sciences is rather conditional and has no clear boundaries. The object of the same research they have in common is the Earth and its cosmic environment. The study of the various properties of this single object and the processes taking place in it required the development of various research methods, which to a large extent predetermined their branch division. In this regard, geographical science has more advantages over other branches of knowledge, because has the most developed infrastructure, allowing to conduct a comprehensive study of the Earth and its surrounding space.

In the arsenal of geography, the methods of studying the solid, liquid and gas components of the geographic shell, living and inert matter, the processes of their evolution and interaction.

On the other hand, it is necessary to note the important fact that even 10-15 years ago most of the research on the problems of the structure and evolution of the Earth and its external geospheres, including the geographic environment, remained “waterless”. When and how water appeared on the surface of the Earth and what are the ways of its further evolution – all this remained beyond the attention of researchers.

At the same time, water has been shown to be the main result of the evolution of the Earth’s proto-matter and the most important component of the geographic environment. Its gradual accumulation on the Earth’s surface, accompanied by volcanism and descending motions of the upper crust of different amplitudes, predetermined, beginning with the Proterozoic, and perhaps even earlier, the evolution of the gas shell, the relief, the ratio of the land area and the configuration of land and sea, and with them conditions sedimentation, climate and life. In other words, the free water produced by the planet and the free water delivered to the surface, in essence, determined basically the course and all the features of the evolution of the geographical envelope of the planet. Without it, the whole face of the Earth, its landscapes, climate, organic world would be completely different. The prototype of such Earth is easily guessed on the waterless and lifeless surface of Venus, in part the Moon and Mars.

Physical geography – Greek. physics – nature, geo – Earth, graph – writing. The same, verbatim – description of the nature of the Earth, or land description, geography.

The literal definition of the subject of physical geography is too general. To give a more precise definition of the subject of physical geography, we must show the spatial structure of science and establish the relationship of this science with other sciences.

From the school course of geography, you know that geography is engaged in studying the nature of the earth’s surface and those material values that are created on it by mankind. In other words, geography is a science that exists not in the singular. This, of course, geography is physical and economic geography. One can imagine that this is a system of sciences.

Understanding society as part of nature begins to determine the whole nature of production. Society, experiencing the impact of nature, is also affected by the laws of nature. But the latter in society are refracted and become specific (the law of reproduction is the law of population). It is social laws that determine development.

The modern geographer must take into account the fact that the nature of the earth’s surface has already been altered by human activity, therefore modern society must commensurate its impact on nature with the intensity of the natural process.

Modern geography is a triune science that unites nature, population, economy.

Each of the sciences: physical, economic, social geography, in turn, is a complex of sciences.

Complex of physical and geographical science

The physiographic complex is one of the main concepts of physical geography. It consists of parts, elements and components: air, water, lithogenic base (rocks and surface irregularities), soils and living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms). Their totality forms a natural-territorial complex of the earth’s surface. It can be viewed as the entire earth’s surface, individual continents, oceans, and small areas: a ravine slope, a marsh hummock. The natural-territorial complex is a unity that exists in the origin (in the past) and in the development (present, future).

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Contrary to popular belief, Everest (Jomolungma) is not the highest mountain in the world. The highest mountain on Earth is in Hawaii and is called Mauna Kea (White Mountain). The total height of the mountain (if measured from the underwater base to the top) is 10,203 m, of which only 4,205 m is above sea level. This is an extinct volcano.

In November 1999, at a meeting of the National Geographic Society in Washington, it was decided to consider that the height of the Jomolungma – the greatest peak in the world (if taken from the sea level) – is 8 thousand 850 m. Previously it was believed that its height by 2 m less. The value of 8 thousand 848 m is still on all maps, in all the reference books and school textbooks. It was officially installed in 1954 as a result of repeated measurements with the help of aerial photography and instruments, the technical level of which, of course, can not be compared with the current one. But this does not mean that then a mistake was made. It turns out that Jomolungma is growing.

This was established by an expedition of the American explorer Brenford Washbourne, who for several years organized expeditions delivering electronic equipment to the top, so that, by satellite guidance, each time fix deviations from previous readings. In the course of research, Washbourne succeeded in not only revealing a very clear growth dynamics of Everest, but also establishing the periods when this growth is the most significant.

It turns out that the most rapid growth at the mountain happens, as a rule, in the years of high seismic activity on the whole globe in general and on the Eurasian continent in particular. For example, it was 1999, for the first six months of which Everest grew 3 cm. Recently, the Italian geologist A. Desio, using modern radio equipment, carried out more careful measurements of Everest and found out that its height is not 8848, but 8872 , 5 m, i.e., the mountain is 25 m higher than previously thought.

But that’s not all. With the help of satellites and instruments at the top of the mountain, scientists have established that Jomolungma does not stand still. It turns out that she constantly wanders northeastward from India through Nepal towards China. The cause of this movement is the displacement of the earth’s crust and tectonic plates creeping into each other.

The fact that Everest is growing is not surprising, since the Himalayas belong to one of the youngest and actively developing geological belts of the Earth.

The peak was discovered in 1832 by employees of the British Geodetic Survey, located on the territory of India. The British conducted the processing of filming of some Himalayan peaks and found that the unnamed mountain marked on the map as the Peak XV is the highest of all peaks of this ridge.

In honor of the head of the geodesic service, the open top was named Everest. It is under this name that the summit is known today in many countries of the world.

Local residents knew about the existence of the summit and that it is the highest, long before its discovery by Europeans. The monks of Tibet called her Jomolungma, which means “goddess is the mother of the Earth”, Jumulang-mafeng, or “goddess-bird of the storm”, Kang-Cha-Mo-Lun – “snow in the kingdom of birds”. In Nepal, it is known as Sagarmatha, or “heavenly summit”.

About this peak, it seems, is mentioned in this saying: “Where the sky meets the earth, where life and death share only half a step, where people from the west and people from the east are equal each in front of their God and with the only desire to be for a minute above all on the planet Earth rush up, higher and higher … There, in the distant halls of the Himalayas, stands a huge mountain. This mountain keeps the eyes of the great Buddha and the soul of those who came to look into His eyes and stayed here forever… ”

In the Middle Ages, at the foot of the northern slopes of Jomolungma, the Rongbuk Monastery was built. This structure has survived to the present day and is still inhabited.

From the territory of the monastery, Jomolungma is especially picturesque. But even from a distance of tens or even hundreds of kilometers to the north-west, from mountain passes it looks no less majestic: at its top there is always a sparkling snow cap. Quite often a hurricane wind tears snow from the top, which mixes with clouds and forms a trail stretching across the sky for several kilometers. Mountaineers nicknamed this trail snow flags.

So the top looks from the north. The first ascent from the northern slope was accomplished by the Chinese Wang Fu-chou, Qu Ying-hua and Ganpo. They climbed to the top in 1960.

However, climbers began to show interest in Everest long before that. For a long time, they tried to get permission from the local ruler of the Dalai Lama to climb to the highest peak of the world along the northern slope. The permission was obtained only in 1920, after the intervention of the British government. Soon after this, long and unsuccessful attempts to conquer Everest began.

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Strictly speaking, Kilauea began to erupt on January 3, 1983, and since then the eruption has not ceased, only the periods of intensification of activity have been replaced by times of relative calm. The events of May this year became the 62nd activation of Kilauela in thirty-five years. In general, this volcano is clearly in the front ranks of the contenders for the title of the most active volcano. In the XX century, only once the break between its two eruptions exceeded ten years (1934-1952).

Kuliauea belongs to the so-called shield volcanoes, volcanoes of this type occur when a lava of low viscosity is spread over long distances and, when frozen, forms a “shield”. The next eruption gives a new layer of frozen lava, and so gradually the shield volcano grows. The base of such volcanoes is very wide, for Mauna Kea, for example, it has a size of about 120 kilometers (in the surface part, in the submarine even more). But their slopes are very flat, the slope is only about eight degrees.

Five shield volcanoes forming the island of Hawaii. Three of them are active: Mauna Loa, Kilauea and Hualalai

Shield volcanoes are divided into two subtypes: Icelandic and Hawaiian. Hawaiian volcanoes are larger, and on their slopes there are lateral cones. Icelandic are relatively small and lateral cones usually do not. The extensive shield of Kilauea volcano has a lot of lateral craters and cones, the present eruption occurs through the crater of Puu-Oo.

The crater of Puu-Oo

For some time, geographers even considered Kilauea to be a secondary branch of the neighboring larger Mauna Loa volcano, but now it is established that Kilauea has a separate magmatic chamber. Confirming that, scientists were able to use a chemical analysis of lava from each of the volcanoes. This is also evidenced by the activity of Mauna Loa in 1934 – 1952, when Kilauea took a break from work. The reverse situation: Mauna Loa died down, and Kilauea erupted – was observed in 1952 – 1974. However, some interaction between volcanoes sometimes manifests, possibly due to the fact that the accumulation of magma in one of them leads to an increase in the pressure in the neighboring one.

The summit of the Kilauea caldera has a size of 4 by 3.2 kilometers and a wall height of up to 120 meters. Its main crater is Haelemaumau with a diameter of 920 meters and a depth of 85 meters. It last erupted in 1974. Kilauea has two rift zones that run to the east and southwest of the main caldera. The length of the eastern is about 125 kilometers, the south-west is 35 kilometers.

In the mythology of Hawaiians, the Kilauea volcano was considered the home of the goddess Pele and the place where her turbulent relationship with the hero of Kamoupua, connected in Hawaiian legends with rain, developed. It was said that one day Kamoupua came to the house to Pele and her sisters and tried to impress them. He managed to charm the sisters, but Pele did not succumb to his charm and called him a pig. Here she was right, since Kamoupua had some pig features (his name Kamoupua means “man-pig”), which, however, did not stop him from being a hero-lover. However, Kamoupua’a was offended, between him and Pele began a quarrel. When Kamoupoua tried to approach Pele, she fired at him, but the hero was rescued by her sister Pele Macahanaloa, who fired fog and rain on the fire. Pele acknowledged her defeat. When the fire went out, there were sticks, the friction of which the Hawaiians were making fire. A Kamoupua divided the island of Hawaii, taking a wet windward north-eastern side and giving way to a dry and covered with a frozen lava leeward. A ridge of clouds at the tops of volcanoes Hawaiians began to call pigs (pua’a).

There is an option in which Kamoupua’s coped with Pele without assistance, closing her dwelling in the volcano with leaves of a fern. Although Pele was furious, she had to accept it. Between Kamoupua and Pele was a peace agreement with the division of the island. As a result of this battle, a fern appeared ‘ama’uma’u (Sadleria cyatheoides), whose young leaves are painted red. And one of the craters of the Kilaulia volcano was called Halemaumauma (“fern house”). There are such legends where Pele finally falls in love with Kamoupua, and with the help of a spell encourages him to return to the island, they become lovers and give birth to a daughter. Kamoupoua turns Pele’s frozen lava into fertile soil.

Let’s return from the mythological past to the present. The first signs of a new intensification of Kilauea’s activity were a series of tremors on May 3. Shortly thereafter, several sources of lava were discovered along the eastern fissure. Its floods forced the authorities to issue an order for the evacuation of 1,700 people from the Lehalani Estates settlement. 37 buildings were destroyed by lava.

The lava outlet sharply dumped pressure in the network of Kilauea underground canals, connected to its magmatic chamber. As a result, the level of lava in the crater of the volcano quickly fell by 30 meters. “It’s like someone pulled a cork from the bath,” – says volcanologist of the US Geological Survey Michael Poland. Because of this, the crater walls collapsed inward, creating a layer of stone on the surface of the remaining lava. The level of lava continued to drop. As soon as the lava in the crater sank below the groundwater level, water began to seep into the crater. It turned into steam, creating a high pressure under the debris of the crater. From that moment the explosion became inevitable.

It occurred on May 17 at 16:15 local time. Kilauea threw a plume of volcanic ash and steam to a height of more than 9100 meters. Now volcanologists continue to monitor the volcano. They say that new explosions are possible. For example, under similar conditions in 1924, Kilauea issued a series of more than fifty steam explosions within two weeks.

The Hawaii volcanologist, Bruce Houghton, says the current event seems to be a complex eruption that happens once every 50-80 years. It is not yet possible to say when people will be able to return to abandoned homes and how many of these houses will survive to their return.

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However, France is understood not only in elegant attire and accessories. France is a highly developed post-industrial power, one of the most developed countries in the world that is part of the G-7. On economic potential, France ranks second among the countries of Western Europe (after Germany). It occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of industrial production, the fourth largest exporter of capital, spends huge sums on research and development. In the sectoral structure of the economy, the sphere of services has become the main activity of the population. It is this state that ranks first in the world in popularity among tourists.

However, France was not always rich and developed. Let’s find out in more detail what preconditions contributed to its rise, which the country has modern economic achievements.

“Business card” of France

The official name is the French Republic. The area is 543.9 thousand km². The population is 65.4 million people (2009). The capital is Paris. Economically highly developed state, the country of the “Big Seven”. Presidential Republic, unitary state.

The nodal geographical location of France among the developed Western European states, the convenience of sea and land connections.

Natural conditions and natural resources

The advantage of flat spaces with fertile, cultivated brown forest and podzolic soils in combination with a moderate warm and humid marine climate is a favorable factor for the development of agriculture.

Mild climate, picturesque nature, thousands of kilometers of sea beaches, great opportunities for the development of tourism, mountaineering and winter sports in the mountains, the richness of historical and architectural monuments, a dense network of roads, hotels and restaurants make France a classic tourist country.

The country has the first type of population reproduction. The natural increase is 3%, the “aging of the nation”.

The French (82%), Corsicans, Basques, Alsatians, Bretons, Flemings. A significant number (more than 4.5 million people) are immigrants – Portuguese, Algerians, Moroccans and other peoples. The overwhelming majority of the population are Christian Catholics.

Density in mountainous areas – 20 people / km², in areas of Paris, Lyon and other large cities – exceeds 300 people / km². Urbanization – 75%. About 50% of the population lives in 50 agglomerations.

In the metropolitan metropolitan area live 11.4 million inhabitants.

Industry

Leading among the industries of France are energy, engineering and chemical industry. The largest industrial areas are concentrated in the east of the country.

The fuel and energy industry works on imported oil and natural gas and using its own coal. In the electric power industry, the leading role is played by nuclear power plants (up to 75%).

In the structure of industrial production, the largest share falls on the general (12%) and transport (10%) engineering industries. Automotive industry (Peugeot-Citroen and Renault provide 4 and 5% of world production of cars).

France is one of the five leading countries in the world in terms of production and export of chemicals. It is one of the world leaders in the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, plastics, pharmaceuticals, perfumes.

Well-developed black and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as textile, clothing and food industries.

France ranks 1st in Europe, both in gross production and in per capita terms. The country’s agriculture accounts for 4% of GDP and 5% of the economically active population, 25% of the output in the EU. The leading industry is livestock, which is 2/3 of the value of agricultural products (dairy cattle, pig and poultry). Grow cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, oilseeds (rape, sunflower). Viticulture and winemaking also glorify the country to the whole world.

Transport and foreign economic relations

The transport complex is well developed. The transport network of the country has a clearly expressed radial type: almost all the main highways go from Paris. The largest trading partners are the EU countries, the USA, Japan. Export: machinery and equipment, plastics, perfume, steel, rolled metal, aluminum, grain, sugar, grapes, wine, cheeses, meat. Imports: mineral raw materials, timber, some agricultural products (cotton, coffee, tea).

France ranks first in the world in popularity among tourists (annually the country is visited by more than 80 million tourists, which gives about 2.8% of GDP).

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The aim of the research is the final result, which the researcher would like to reach at the conclusion of his work. Let us single out the most typical goals. They may be the definition of characteristics of phenomena not previously studied; identification of the relationship of certain phenomena; the study of the development of phenomena; description of a new phenomenon; generalization, the identification of general patterns; creating classifications.

The formulation of the goal of the research paper can also be represented in various ways – traditionally used in the scientific speech cliché. We give examples of some of them. You can set a goal:

• Identify..;
• Install..;
• Justify..;
• Clarify..;
• Develop…

It is necessary to formulate the tasks very carefully, since the description of their solutions will subsequently make up the contents of the chapters. Headings of chapters are born precisely from the wording of problems. We propose one of the definitions of the concept “task”.

The task of the research is to select ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward. Tasks are best formulated in the form of an assertion of what needs to be done to achieve the goal. The formulation of tasks is based on the fragmentation of the research objective into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle of the least complex to the most complex, labor-intensive, and their number is determined by the depth of the research.

The goal is an ideal vision of the result, which directs the activity of a person. The researcher, in order to achieve the stated goal and verify the provisions of the hypothesis formulated by him, singles out specific research tasks.

After formulating the hypothesis, goals and objectives of the research paper follows the stage of the definition of methods.

Definition of methods

The method is the way to achieve the research goal. The decisive role of the choice of method in the success of this or that research work is evident. Methods of scientific knowledge are divided into general and special. General methods include: theoretical, empirical, mathematical.

Theoretical methods:

• Simulation allows you to apply the experimental method to objects, direct action with which is difficult or impossible. It involves mental actions or practical actions with the “model”;
• abstraction consists in a mental abstraction from all that is unimportant and fixing one or more of the subject’s subjects of interest to the researcher;
• analysis and synthesis. Analysis is a method of investigation by decomposing an object into its component parts. Synthesis – the connection of the parts obtained in the analysis into a whole. Analysis and synthesis exist as a whole. Methods of analysis and synthesis are, for example, the initial stage of research – the study of literature on the research topic.
• the ascent from the abstract to the concrete is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, a single object is divided into parts, described by concepts and judgments; and at the second stage the original integrity of the object is restored. Empirical methods:
• surveillance;
• comparison;
• Experimental study of the object has a number of advantages in comparison with other methods.

Mathematical methods:

• statistical methods;
• methods and models of graph theory and network modeling;
• methods and models of dynamic programming;
• methods and models of mass service;
• method of visualization of data (functions, graphics, etc.). Methods are selected with the obligatory guidance of the teacher.

Conducting scientific research

Carrying out of scientific research includes two stages: actual carrying out (the so-called technological stage) and analytical, reflective stage.

A work plan is made.

In the work plan there are three parts:

1. It is necessary to indicate the purpose of the planned experiments; list the necessary inventory for the experiment; forms of notes in rough notebooks. The work plan also includes the initial processing and analysis of the results of practical actions, the stage of their verification. The plan should provide for everything that can be foreseen at the first stage.
2. Determine the object, the subject of research, methods; description of the experimental part of the work. The content of the experimental part depends on the theme of the work, the subject area, in accordance with which its specificity is determined. It is necessary to analyze how selected methods will help to confirm the hypothesis, to clarify the conformity to the objectives of the study;
3. Registration of research results. The method of examination and presentation of the research results is prescribed, from the review to the discussion in the group of students and speeches at the conference. The more often the results are discussed in different audiences, the better for the author. At the final stage, it is advisable to think over the way to present the results of your research to a city conference, to work out the presentation forms in the form of an article and theses, to comprehend possible recommendations on the practical application of the results, i.e. to plan an innovative stage of research.

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The TV has been a part of It and life has gotten difficult to live without even the TV screen. Many of us, for example people who have lower living standards have televisions in houses that are home and their own houses. Without that you will overlook on communication the TV has played an significant part in the dissemination of advice.

The television is a supply of entertainment to also a medium that promotes the evolution of communities and people around shared interests that were shared and disseminate news. The tele widens broadens, teaches the brain, also causes the joys of artists, singers and celebrities from the entertainment market. The TV has played an integral part in the promotion of services and goods. As a result the TV has played a also an all essential and critical part in growth, the progress and maturation of the economy of states.

Job has been created by the TV chances into media employees as well as social media characters. The film sector for example is determined by the TV because of the development. The stations from the tele offer the with enjoyable channels that are numerous audiences animation apps, for instance fashion shows and documentaries amongst others.

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Recycling since could be useful for another purpose that is beneficial to folks in conserving funds has many benefits and a few of the advantages are as follows, it assists. Therefore, aluminum was poisonous into the extent, which it helps in saving over 16 million gallons of petroleum as an instance a study revealed that at America. Still another benefit of recycling is that it contributes to increased gains since there will soon be paid off cost of disposing waste.

There is the price of reprocessing in addition to that the value of collection. Recycling assists as energy costs are not reduced in saving energy especially. One might incur energy whilst fabricating than when recycling twenty-five aluminum cans, a new fresh. Another benefit of recycling is that it can help in building town as in today’s present day world people are very concerned with preserving the environment (Vazquez, along with RILEM Technical Committee, 2013).

People in addition to associations are currently working together in developing recycling Organizations that are liberated and campaigns therefore to promote recycling. Growing of occupations is yet another benefit since labor is needed from both three of recycling Stages of recycling and hence men and women have the ability to acquire through tasks recycling. As it reduces emissions recycling is favorable could originate in solid wastes and a safe atmosphere for individuals to reside.

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A sociological science differs greatly from other subjects, since it mainly deals with the assessment, statistics, analysis and figures in contrast to Literature, for instance. Moreover, this is the science that relies on the word that is written. Most likely, you will be required to compose a certain amount of papers. If you know what is sociology essay and know how to create it in a perfect way, you can be sure that there will be no troubles during the semester. Below you can find few tips that will be a great guide to writing an essay.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions. In case your teacher didn’t give you a specific topic, you are free to choose one of the sociology essay ideas and get the teacher’s approval before starting to work on it. Visit the teacher while he is available, and clarify some points. For instance, ask the teacher about the number of pages. Also, what research methodology in sociology need to be used? It is very important to make sure that you have clear instructions on hoe to compose a successful essay.

Make a thorough analysis of your topic. Writing a sociological paper will require a strong evidence, as all the arguments need to be sustained by reliable documents. In order to find the sources, you will have to go the library or to do some research online. If you are not sure where to find the reliable sources of information, it’s always better to ask the teacher for help. One of the types of data in sociological science is quantitative. This is mainly the statistics based on various surveys. The other type is qualitative. Such information is not that precise and based on research and impressions sometimes.

Creating an introduction and the conclusion is the next important step. It is the hardest part for most people – to start their essay as it requires much concentrating. The introduction should be focused on your thesis statement and it should present the thesis properly.

After that, it’s necessary to focus on the body of the paper. As a rule, the structure of the central part of the paper presupposes the main point and several supporting ones. It is important to mention that main points need to be sustained by reliable data. Also, do not forget to make transitions when moving from paragraph to paragraph, as it will make the text coherent and clear.

After the essay is completed, get back to the requirements and check all of them. If your aim is creating a top-notch paper and using sociology essay writing service is not an option for you, check the requirements twice and make sure that all of them are met and nothing important is missed. Didn’t you forget to number the pages? Is the size of the font appropriate? Even the minor mistakes can result in a low grade. That’s why it is important to check the paper for several times to make sure it will receive an excellent result.

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