This is the smallest country in the world that can be compared to a golf course, located in the territory of Rome. Its population is 770 inhabitants. The country is located inside Rome, the capital of Italy. Here is the residence of the head of the Catholic Church, the Pope. For this reason, a small city-state is considered a spiritual center for the entire Catholic world.

Residents consider those who work here. The smallest ancient army of the world, the Swiss Guard, protects the country. It was formed by Swiss traders as far back as 1506. At the moment there are only 100 people in the army. A characteristic feature of each of them is a single Catholic, a Swiss citizen.

In the Vatican they speak Italian and Latin. The country’s economy is exceptional: it is unified unprofitable in the world. The Vatican’s treasury is supplemented from the pockets of Catholics around the world, that is, it is formed from donations, income from the sale of books, postage stamps and tourism. And one more important note: the Vatican does not collect taxes as a spiritual center.

All legislative acts of the smallest state come into power only after they are published in Latin and Italian. That is, in the Vatican two official languages function at once. In spite of the presence of many nationalities among the servants of the church, work is allowed in every suitable language of the world.

It is assumed that the name of the Vatican came from the name of the god of death Vattaca. Since it was on the terrain of the city-state that the Roman ruler Nero destroyed the apostle Peter. The country in the world did not always have such a modest size. Including from 752 until 1870, the Catholic Church belonged to the territory of 41,407 kilometers.

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Contrary to popular belief, Everest (Jomolungma) is not the highest mountain in the world. The highest mountain on Earth is in Hawaii and is called Mauna Kea (White Mountain). The total height of the mountain (if measured from the underwater base to the top) is 10,203 m, of which only 4,205 m is above sea level. This is an extinct volcano.

In November 1999, at a meeting of the National Geographic Society in Washington, it was decided to consider that the height of the Jomolungma – the greatest peak in the world (if taken from the sea level) – is 8 thousand 850 m. Previously it was believed that its height by 2 m less. The value of 8 thousand 848 m is still on all maps, in all the reference books and school textbooks. It was officially installed in 1954 as a result of repeated measurements with the help of aerial photography and instruments, the technical level of which, of course, can not be compared with the current one. But this does not mean that then a mistake was made. It turns out that Jomolungma is growing.

This was established by an expedition of the American explorer Brenford Washbourne, who for several years organized expeditions delivering electronic equipment to the top, so that, by satellite guidance, each time fix deviations from previous readings. In the course of research, Washbourne succeeded in not only revealing a very clear growth dynamics of Everest, but also establishing the periods when this growth is the most significant.

It turns out that the most rapid growth at the mountain happens, as a rule, in the years of high seismic activity on the whole globe in general and on the Eurasian continent in particular. For example, it was 1999, for the first six months of which Everest grew 3 cm. Recently, the Italian geologist A. Desio, using modern radio equipment, carried out more careful measurements of Everest and found out that its height is not 8848, but 8872 , 5 m, i.e., the mountain is 25 m higher than previously thought.

But that’s not all. With the help of satellites and instruments at the top of the mountain, scientists have established that Jomolungma does not stand still. It turns out that she constantly wanders northeastward from India through Nepal towards China. The cause of this movement is the displacement of the earth’s crust and tectonic plates creeping into each other.

The fact that Everest is growing is not surprising, since the Himalayas belong to one of the youngest and actively developing geological belts of the Earth.

The peak was discovered in 1832 by employees of the British Geodetic Survey, located on the territory of India. The British conducted the processing of filming of some Himalayan peaks and found that the unnamed mountain marked on the map as the Peak XV is the highest of all peaks of this ridge.

In honor of the head of the geodesic service, the open top was named Everest. It is under this name that the summit is known today in many countries of the world.

Local residents knew about the existence of the summit and that it is the highest, long before its discovery by Europeans. The monks of Tibet called her Jomolungma, which means “goddess is the mother of the Earth”, Jumulang-mafeng, or “goddess-bird of the storm”, Kang-Cha-Mo-Lun – “snow in the kingdom of birds”. In Nepal, it is known as Sagarmatha, or “heavenly summit”.

About this peak, it seems, is mentioned in this saying: “Where the sky meets the earth, where life and death share only half a step, where people from the west and people from the east are equal each in front of their God and with the only desire to be for a minute above all on the planet Earth rush up, higher and higher … There, in the distant halls of the Himalayas, stands a huge mountain. This mountain keeps the eyes of the great Buddha and the soul of those who came to look into His eyes and stayed here forever… ”

In the Middle Ages, at the foot of the northern slopes of Jomolungma, the Rongbuk Monastery was built. This structure has survived to the present day and is still inhabited.

From the territory of the monastery, Jomolungma is especially picturesque. But even from a distance of tens or even hundreds of kilometers to the north-west, from mountain passes it looks no less majestic: at its top there is always a sparkling snow cap. Quite often a hurricane wind tears snow from the top, which mixes with clouds and forms a trail stretching across the sky for several kilometers. Mountaineers nicknamed this trail snow flags.

So the top looks from the north. The first ascent from the northern slope was accomplished by the Chinese Wang Fu-chou, Qu Ying-hua and Ganpo. They climbed to the top in 1960.

However, climbers began to show interest in Everest long before that. For a long time, they tried to get permission from the local ruler of the Dalai Lama to climb to the highest peak of the world along the northern slope. The permission was obtained only in 1920, after the intervention of the British government. Soon after this, long and unsuccessful attempts to conquer Everest began.

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The aim of the research is the final result, which the researcher would like to reach at the conclusion of his work. Let us single out the most typical goals. They may be the definition of characteristics of phenomena not previously studied; identification of the relationship of certain phenomena; the study of the development of phenomena; description of a new phenomenon; generalization, the identification of general patterns; creating classifications.

The formulation of the goal of the research paper can also be represented in various ways – traditionally used in the scientific speech cliché. We give examples of some of them. You can set a goal:

• Identify..;
• Install..;
• Justify..;
• Clarify..;
• Develop…

It is necessary to formulate the tasks very carefully, since the description of their solutions will subsequently make up the contents of the chapters. Headings of chapters are born precisely from the wording of problems. We propose one of the definitions of the concept “task”.

The task of the research is to select ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward. Tasks are best formulated in the form of an assertion of what needs to be done to achieve the goal. The formulation of tasks is based on the fragmentation of the research objective into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle of the least complex to the most complex, labor-intensive, and their number is determined by the depth of the research.

The goal is an ideal vision of the result, which directs the activity of a person. The researcher, in order to achieve the stated goal and verify the provisions of the hypothesis formulated by him, singles out specific research tasks.

After formulating the hypothesis, goals and objectives of the research paper follows the stage of the definition of methods.

Definition of methods

The method is the way to achieve the research goal. The decisive role of the choice of method in the success of this or that research work is evident. Methods of scientific knowledge are divided into general and special. General methods include: theoretical, empirical, mathematical.

Theoretical methods:

• Simulation allows you to apply the experimental method to objects, direct action with which is difficult or impossible. It involves mental actions or practical actions with the “model”;
• abstraction consists in a mental abstraction from all that is unimportant and fixing one or more of the subject’s subjects of interest to the researcher;
• analysis and synthesis. Analysis is a method of investigation by decomposing an object into its component parts. Synthesis – the connection of the parts obtained in the analysis into a whole. Analysis and synthesis exist as a whole. Methods of analysis and synthesis are, for example, the initial stage of research – the study of literature on the research topic.
• the ascent from the abstract to the concrete is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, a single object is divided into parts, described by concepts and judgments; and at the second stage the original integrity of the object is restored. Empirical methods:
• surveillance;
• comparison;
• Experimental study of the object has a number of advantages in comparison with other methods.

Mathematical methods:

• statistical methods;
• methods and models of graph theory and network modeling;
• methods and models of dynamic programming;
• methods and models of mass service;
• method of visualization of data (functions, graphics, etc.). Methods are selected with the obligatory guidance of the teacher.

Conducting scientific research

Carrying out of scientific research includes two stages: actual carrying out (the so-called technological stage) and analytical, reflective stage.

A work plan is made.

In the work plan there are three parts:

1. It is necessary to indicate the purpose of the planned experiments; list the necessary inventory for the experiment; forms of notes in rough notebooks. The work plan also includes the initial processing and analysis of the results of practical actions, the stage of their verification. The plan should provide for everything that can be foreseen at the first stage.
2. Determine the object, the subject of research, methods; description of the experimental part of the work. The content of the experimental part depends on the theme of the work, the subject area, in accordance with which its specificity is determined. It is necessary to analyze how selected methods will help to confirm the hypothesis, to clarify the conformity to the objectives of the study;
3. Registration of research results. The method of examination and presentation of the research results is prescribed, from the review to the discussion in the group of students and speeches at the conference. The more often the results are discussed in different audiences, the better for the author. At the final stage, it is advisable to think over the way to present the results of your research to a city conference, to work out the presentation forms in the form of an article and theses, to comprehend possible recommendations on the practical application of the results, i.e. to plan an innovative stage of research.

If you are not so good at writing papers, we’d recommend you to order your research paper at research paper writing service. Simply get in touch with them and provide your research data. The professionals will make it in the best-looking way, so you’ll get an A+ mark 100%.

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They gathered about the shoreline examples of stones and lichens. In 1909 the Rual Amundsen prepared to overcome the Pole. About the coastline, the Norwegians arrived on January 14, 1911 and first attained the South Pole touring both methods 2 ice backpack. Parallel attempted to overcome the post Language Journey of John Scott, however they arrived minute, and on the road back they certainly died due to food scarcity and gear malfunction. There’s no lasting population in Antarctica.

Significantly more than forty everlasting channels that are polar run here, seven which fit in with Spain Bellingshausen Progress. Underneath the contract that is worldwide, Antarctica may be the only area in the world that’s not handled by any nation. About 90-percent of the planet is snow is focused within Antarctica’s snow cover. The amount of the Planet Sea may increase by 61 yards if all of the Antarctic snow is dissolved. Nevertheless, the heat that was typical listed here is minus 37 levels; consequently, of flooding the planet, the risk isn’t yet endangered. Antarctica isn’t the absolute breeziest region on the planet, but additionally just the coolest. Winds that are effective frequently achieve rates of 300 kilometers each hour.

The Marcos Hand that is Argentine may be the first man. This occurred in the Esperanza stop on Jan 7, 1978. It’s outlined within Records’ Book. Some historians challenge this reality, fighting that as early in Antarctica the Solveig Jacobsen was created as 1913, but this occurred about the isle of Georgia, which could not within the complete feeling be named the place of Antarctica. On February 15, 2004, Blessingshausen stop consecrated the first church in Antarctica, the Sacred Trinity Chapel. In 1996, several Americans started the Antarctic Offshore Lender, which issued dollars in variations of 100 and just one, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 bucks.

Based on the concept of the coordinators, the banknotes might be traded at face value for all of us bucks, and the profits might be used to fund medical study in Antarctica. Within the 80s of the 20th-century Antarctica was announced a nuclear free zone, it is therefore banned to make use of nuclear-operated ships about the continent’s coastline. Nutrients have now been present in Antarctica: mica, copper, zinc, guide, graphite, coal, and iron ore. But their removal is banned. Penguins are truly the neighborhood fauna’s most renowned reps. the penguin weighs about 40 kilogram and reaches of a 122-cm.

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The settlement phase (or Tehazi) in Algeria known fact that almost all its houses from foundations to roofs and even a fortress with towers and high walls around it made of ordinary salt. Of course, humid climate salt  quite precarious building material, but in the settlement phase in the Sahara, where the rain falls infrequently, it fully justifies itself. Therefore, there is salt village for many years.

Water from lake in Algeria

The lake filled with “ink” is in Algeria, near Sidi Bel Abbès. Water of the lake can be written on paper. “Ink” never exhausted because their stock is constantly updated. The fact that this “natural ink” flow two smaller rivers of water one of them rich in iron salts, and another – humid substances they who form a fluid-like ink bottle.

Gravity is distributed unevenly Earth

It turns out that in some places you can feel harder than others. Thus, the low gravity observed off the coast of India, and relatively high gravity in the South Pacific. The reason for this is unknown, because the existing surface crust formation is not dominant.

Twin NASA satellites called GRACE, launched in March 2002, carry out detailed measurements of Earth’s gravitational field, which will make new discoveries in the field of gravity and the ecological system of the planet.

Flammable water exists!

Water can burn. Near the village Kerhalan in Azerbaijan is as “flammable” water. It abounds with a small hole, creating a lively stream. One has only to raise the key – lighted match, and the water lights up blue flame. Scientists attribute this to the fact that with the water from the ground comes combustible gas – methane. It’s the breaks of the match.

Every second in the world comes to 100 lightning strikes

According to various estimates, the frequency of lightning strikes on Earth is 100 times per second. Current data obtained by satellite that can detect lightning in places where there is ground observation, this frequency is an average of 44 ± 5 times per second. This corresponds to about 1.4 billion zippers a year.

Approximately 75% of these lightning strikes or between clouds within clouds, and 25% – in the ground.

Increases the mass of Earth by cosmic dust 30 thousand tons per year

Every year the Earth is around 30,000 tons of interplanetary dust. Most asteroids wandering around the Sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. Fragments generated from their bumps and dust is tightened inside the solar system, and sometimes close to Earth. Dust and stones, earth moving relatively quickly, often cut into the atmosphere and burn, creating the effect of “falling stars” – meteors.

Debris moving slowly or have larger slower can be captured by gravity planet and survive, in the form of meteorites on the surface.

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The large asteroid that Earth was useless comet. These summary astronomers analyzed the data infrared telescope included in Mauna Kea Observatories about the isle of Hawaii. It was documented about the company site.

Researchers were able to determine what’s probably an asteroid is just a nucleus that was useless. Within their watch, this incredible body, producing several cycles round the sunlight, has misplaced a number of its matter. These findings researchers have analyzed a body’s reflectivity.

Complete area displays asteroid, based on researchers, about six percentage of the daylight (comparable reflective concrete). This displays more but researchers have figured it’s a comet since no butt asteroid.

Oct 31, 2015 celestial body was available at a length of 486,000 kilometers from Planet (1.3 situations more length towards the Moon). In size celestial body reaches 600 yards (five times bigger than the Tunguska body), along with a total revolution around its axis it creates for 5 hrs.

Asteroid 2015 TB145 was exposed on Oct 10th Punsters program and it is categorized like a possibly harmful item (due to the dimension and closeness to Planet). These items are systems whose measurements are far nearing the earth faraway of 7.5 thousand kilometers and more than the usual hundred yards.

Next time an asteroid may move near to Planet in June 2018 faraway of 38 thousand kilometers from this (it’s in regards to a fraction of the exact distance between Planet and also the Sunlight). Within the next century for that Planet a risk does not be constituted by it.

Sea ice is considered the cause of frequent cold winters in Europe

Severe winters have become more regular in Europe, and several researchers blame the reduction of Arctic snow, which changes flow within the atmosphere’s style. Within the research that is fresh was discovered immediate “point of effect” in Eurasia within the winter months is snow about the edge of the Kara and Barents waters. On the findings, researchers informed Technology Information is said by the diary Character Geoscience, nicely lacking their function.

Mori (Mori) in the College of his peers and Tokyo evaluated Arctic ice’s effect. It had been unearthed that of 2004-2005, once the snow in the area were several environment regimen, named “Comfortable and chilly Arctic Eurasia” (Comfortable Arctic and Chilly Eurasia, WACE), turned dominating within the Arctic oscillation (which centered this), which will keep the cold air within the polar areas.

Nevertheless, researchers’ alert, this impact that is chilling is just momentary. Because of the unexpected effect of reduction snow within the environment, global warming has resulted in chilly winters, but doesn’t possess the common state of the earth and also a definitive impact nearby environment.

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Jean Ricard that was German suggested a category program that was brand new rainbows. There it, and 12 kinds will actually not even close to technology individual to comprehend under what climate conditions there’s a range. This really is to the statement that was created in the meeting of the National Geophysical Union with reference reports Geographic.

Not necessarily includes seven range lines of various shades (from crimson to violet). Occasionally observed within the first minute, less vibrant using the colors in purchase that is reverse, occasionally in the center of the stripe that is black happens, occasionally lacking a number of shades.

Regular rainbows category on the basis of the better shades, the dimension of raindrops, that will be shaped out of this organic trend: the larger the fall. Another technique is dependent on computations of sunlight above the horizon’s peak.

To support the variety of the range, Jean Ricard (Jean Ricard) and his acquaintances gathered countless pictures and killed them into 12 teams, with respect to the lighting of the six fundamental shades, strength of black lines Alexander between your main and supplementary rainbows, and also the insufficient a colour. For instance, one kind of range stripes removed inexperienced, another – crimson and orange, however the third has reddish lines and just orange.

Based on Ricard, his program is really easy that anybody viewing a range, simply takes a course it and knows very well what is occurring within the atmosphere. Reddish, misty range, for instance, happens just within the east and in the beginning of raindrops that are small.

Ricard mentioned the research of rainbows assist in the look for extraterrestrial life in his viewpoint, within the environment of explants, there show the clear presence of water.

The driest desert blossomed

Nino occurrence, which intends South USA harmful surges hurricanes and landslides led about the coastline of Chile to unforeseen advancements within the Atacama Leave. Vibrant flowered address was coated by much droughty area in the world for that second-year.

Atacama is the desert On the Planet. About rains place drops every several years. The smooth leave nearly without microorganisms that were dwelling found lichens, blue green little and algae cacti.

Nevertheless, a powerful El Nino this season revealed on Atakamu rain that was excessively large.

Consequently of rhizomes and inactive lights offered seedlings. Assaults light plain coated with reddish yellowish, crimson and bright bouquets – Nolan mallow.

First leave started after extreme rains, in March abruptly, by which the and started about 40 people were murdered by flooding. Today, which is much more unparalleled, crops grow another amount of time in annually, prior to the summer.

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Moon includes a tidal impact not just about property and the seas, but additionally the environment. Theoretical computations forecast powerful regular variances in pressure within the tropics, but their plethora seldom surpasses 100 microbar (0.01% of the typical floor stress). It had been essential to create particular mathematical techniques and conserve plenty of information on organized findings to identify this type of weak signal, concealed tougher stress variances associated with the current weather.

It’s regular for dunes that are atmospheric improve their plethora because of growing thinness of atmosphere with elevation. Lunar tides when comparing to solar happening within the atmosphere.

The biggest atlas maintained within Berlin’s collection

The atlas that was biggest maintained in Berlin within the State Collection. It weighs measurements and about 250 kilos are 70h or 20 yards. This display provides guests a chance to see century to the collection of the art mapping.

Every year in Switzerland shrinks

Europe “squeezed”, as proven from the many correct dimension of the exact distance between your southern and upper edges of the nation yearly decreased by around three millimeters. Concurrently Alps develop tall 1 – 1.5 mm each year. This is because that Europe is in crash of two dishes of the crust.

Armenia is the motherland of “bread”

Birthplace Social grain is Armenia. This grain seen as a unpredictability that was large, they discovered in regards to a hundred types.

Complete in Armenia discovered about 360 varieties of developed grain and crazy.

Sable Island known as the “graveyard of the Atlantic” and “eater ships”

Not even close to Europe within the Atlantic Sea is Sable Area, named the Atlantic” and “eater ships’ “graveyard.” The isle is slim sickle-shaped produced and through the Gulfstream that is comfortable meet with up with the chilly Labrador Present within this location. The primary risk for ships is its sands, which did a risk to cleaners to any or all kinds of cruising boats.

As a whole there have been authorized more than 350 shipwrecks that were recorded. Another harmful element may be the movement through the additional in wash Sable shifting east in a pace of 200 yards each year and also the erosion of mud on a single aspect.

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Russian Secret empty lake, located in the Altai, not disclosed until now. All around the reservoir lake teeming with fish and game, and empty – no grass, no fish, no birds on the beach, and despite the fact that fish lakes flow rivers are flowing into empty. Researchers have tried many times to settle mysterious lake water local fauna and flora, favoring the most undemanding species.

However, all experiments ended the same way: a day or two fish and other animals a dead, vegetation. Empty and remains empty. But most surprisingly, chemists that many times carried water analysis for content of toxic substances have shown that the water is absolutely not toxic, suitable for use, and even  reminiscent of champagne bubbles due smallest harmless gas.

The water lakes studied by experts from Germany, USA, Belgium and Britain, and still no one could explain or even offer a plausible hypothesis about the strange phenomenon of the reservoir. Is it possible in the near future to solve this mystery? Unfortunately, experts vague shrug.

Victoria Falls “running away” from Zimbabwe.

Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, Africa located on the border between the republics of Zambia and Zimbabwe so vigorously destroys the river bed, which is about 15-20 years postponed upriver, leaving Zimbabwe , it is “go” in Zambia. And there is no power that could stop this process.

The real “Dead Sea” is located in Sicily

The most “dead” is not commonly Dead Sea, and “Lake of Death”, located on the island of Sicily. On its shores there is no vegetation, birds avoid flying over the lake, and every living thing that gets in it, waiting for the inevitable death. It liked to bury their victims mafia. As it turned out, from the bottom of the lake beat two sources very concentrated acid. They poison the water.

The river stone guard protects Grouse

Quietly its waters tributary Grouse. Where crosses the river near old crystalline rocks over its steep right bank stands a large boulder that resembles the head of an ancient knight who peers into the blue river. Cliff Head Chatsky not specifically made sculptural composition. This is natural monument formed by weathering of granite rocks. It exists far more years, even thousands of years.

Around Chairman Chatsky always there are many legends associated with her name. According to one of them, the brave and mighty knight named Chatsky led heroic wife, who in hard times defended from the enemy homeland. In another version, Chatsky Kozak, who persecuted the Polish soldiers, without chance of escape, jumped with a horse in Grouse, river then was abundant, but its level was much lower. Kozak died. However, the actual name of the rock “Head Chatsky” traced in historical and topographical sources in the first half of the nineteenth century, long after the Cossack era.

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Climate-change around 1100 led in China towards the decrease of the effective Tang Empire. Based on the study group brought by Haug between your decades, of the Study Centre 700 AD was a period of time once the monsoon was fragile and especially powerful summertime. This led with extended droughts to the chilly dry climate. Consequently of harvest problems happened, which, to uprisings, led consequently, said Zeitung.

China was led by Tang Empire throughout the three generations from 618. Historians think this time around concluding within the improvement of artwork and Oriental literature. Lastly, in 907 army grabbed which finished the empire, and energy.

The foundation for that research is dependent in the base of the river in China on examples of deposit. Their qualities and information of titanium led concerning the power of the winds within the East-Asian monsoon program to the final outcome. According scientists, altering the span of exotic rain happened to and about the Pacific’s additional aspect. Within this respect described the finish of the civilization’s traditional amount.

Australia was found before Cook

That was stated by Foreign correspondent Peter Ticket before Cook throughout the 250 decades found Sydney imprecise Colonial Kristovao Mendonka. He was able to unintentionally purchase Bookseller in Canberra to verify his phrases Ticket brings routes XVI century. Cards, says Ticket include comprehensive and correct image of Australia’s east-coast .

Routes are therefore exact that in it could be quickly decide the area that is precise. They’re easily shoreline and recognizable environments in Bay within the Tasman Sea’s area, claims Ticket. The correspondent thinks the routes were attracted by cartographers unique routes Kristovao Mendonka brought. Trickett has printed the breakthrough in his ” Capricorn “.

It’s thought that Sydney first discovered Cook, who introduced a brand new property possessed from the British overhead and investigated its east-coast in 1770.

Numerous stays and products have now been construed as proof that the Portuguese accomplished Sydney. Evidence that was main advanced to help that will, simply, be centered on Northeastern graphs, which concept may function as the exemplary instance of planet maps, which seems concerning the amount the maps, of the place of Grande. Nevertheless, historians that are many not take the meaning, in addition to this idea are excellent.

Its method was discovered by the navigator p to a home he referred to as “east in 1504” of the Cape of Exemplary Desire. For a while, it had been believed he found Sydney, even so the region he arrived has been proven to become Brazil (which will be North West of the Cape).

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